This effort, marked by struggle and sacrifice, soon captured the imagination and sympathies of much of the nation. Efforts to end segregation in Southern colleges were also marred by obstinate refusals to welcome African Americans into previously all-white student bodies.īy 1964, ten years after Brown, the NAACP's focused legal campaign had been transformed into a mass movement to eliminate all traces of institutionalized racism from American life. Elsewhere, white resistance to school desegregation resulted in open defiance and violent confrontations, requiring the use of federal troops in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957.
A number of school districts in the Southern and border states desegregated peacefully. In Montgomery, Alabama, a grassroots revolt against segregated public transportation inspired a multitude of similar protests and boycotts. The “deliberate speed” called for in the Supreme Court's Brown decision was quickly overshadowed by events outside the nation's courtrooms. New York World-Telegram and Sun Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (148) Digital ID # cph 3c26460
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